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DELHI POLLUTION

India's state air monitoring centre made a rare admission Thursday that pollution in New Delhi was comparable with Beijing, but disputed a WHO finding that the Indian capital had the dirtiest atmosphere in the world.
A study of 1,600 cities across 91 countries released on Wednesday by the WHO showed Delhi had the world's highest annual average concentration of small airborne particles known as PM2.5 of 153.
These extremely fine particles of less than 2.5 micrometres in diameter are linked with increased rates of chronic bronchitis, lung cancer and heart disease as they penetrate deep into the lungs and can pass into the bloodstream.
Indian officials in the past have bristled at research showing the capital as worse than Beijing where thick smog has triggered public health warnings and public concern that are mostly absent in New Delhi.
"If we compare yearly averages for each year from 2011-2014 then both cities (New Delhi and Beijing) are almost comparable," Gufran Beig from India's state-run System of Air Quality Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR) acknowledged in an email sent to AFP.
He disputed the figure cited by the World Health Organization (WHO) for PM2.5 in New Delhi, however, saying it should have been in the range of 110-120 micrograms per cubic metre instead of 153.
Beijing's was underestimated at 56, he said, and should have been double this according to an analysis of readings given out by the US embassy in the city.
"Delhi's air quality is better than Beijing in summer and much better in monsoon season," he added. "It is winter pollution in Delhi and sudden spikes which is quite high as compared to Beijing, triggered by meteorology."
Beig maintained that the WHO figures contained in a searchable database released on Wednesday were biased and misleading.
But even with an annual average PM2.5 reading of 110-120, New Delhi would still be among the world's most polluted cities, if not the outright worst.
Rivals would be the Pakistani city of Karachi with an annual reading of 117, while the regional Indian cities of Gwalior, Patna and Raipur reported 144, 149 and 134 respectively.
By comparison, London had an annual PM2.5 reading of 16.
"The latest urban air quality database released by the World Health Organization reconfirms that most Indian cities are becoming death traps because of very high air pollution levels," said Indian campaign group the Centre for Science and Environment.
It said that 13 of the 20 most polluted cities in the world were in India.
- Dust, diesel fumes -
The small particles blighting the air of New Delhi and other major developing cities around the world are often dust from construction sites, pollution from diesel engines or industrial emissions.
The Indian capital also suffers from atmospheric dust blown in from the deserts of the western state of Rajasthan, as well as pollution from open fires lit by the urban poor to keep warm in winter or to cook food.
While Delhi ranked as worst on the PM2.5 scale in the WTO data, measurements of larger PM10 particles showed others as far more polluted.
Peshawar and Rawalpindi in neighbouring Pakistan trumped all other cities with readings of 540 and 448 respectively.
WHO says concentrations of PM10 particles should remain below 20 micrograms per cubic metre, averaged out over the year.
Delhi has had its air quality under scrutiny for some time now with research by Yale University scientists in January this year also suggesting it was worse than Beijing.
A World Bank report last year that surveyed 132 countries ranked India 126th for environmental performance and last for air pollution.
The WHO stressed that its new air pollution database, which relies mainly on data gathered by the cities themselves, did not aim to rank cities, pointing out that "some of the worst ones... are not collecting data regularly."

HOW TO LOOSE BLOOD PRESSURE?

Short story I know will resonate with you...
As I've gotten older, I've experienced a number of "challenges" when it comes to my overall health, fitness and wellbeing.
I don’t have the ability to do the same kind of exercises a 30 or 40 year old can. I wish I could. But the aches and pains are too much to deal with.
I have 8 grandkids. Their energy levels astonish me. Each year I find it harder and harder to keep up with them.
I used to just chalk it up to old age.
...until a random visit to the hospital turned my life upside down.
Our local hospital was putting on a free bloodwork clinic for the community.
I hadn't been to a hospital in years. Frankly, I hate hospitals. The thought of being hooked up to oxygen machines and being fed with tubes is absolutely terrifying to me.
But my wife insisted I go. Got to keep the wife happy :) so I went.
I could see in the nurse's face when she took my blood pressure that something was wrong.
She checked it a second time.
Then a third.
Then she looked me in the eye and said "Mr. Burge, you're going to have a stroke or a heart attack before you leave this building."
Apparently, I was a ticking time bomb.
I was too shocked to speak. My wife began to weep.
I realized in that moment that unless I figured out how to lower my blood pressure FAST... there was a good chance I would not live to see my next Christmas.
My friend Steve was on 5 different blood pressure medications and the side effects were horrendous, so I refused to go the medication route.
I thought of my son Ken. He had recently turned his own high blood pressure around and lost a lot of weight.
Whatever he was doing was working.
So I picked up the phone, rang his number and said "Son, I need a miracle. What is the quickest, surest way to lower my blood pressure?"
Ken told me to get in the car, drive to the nearest grocery store, and buy this one food to eat.
It seemed too easy.
But I was ready to try anything. Plus, it had obviously worked for Ken.
So I immediately began eating this one food and followed the other simple steps my son shared with me.

Greenland melting due equally to global warming, natural variations

The rapid melting of Greenland glaciers is captured in the documentary "Chasing Ice." The retreat of the ice edge from one year to the next sends more water into the sea.
Now University of Washington atmospheric scientists have estimated that up to half of the recent warming in Greenland and surrounding areas may be due to climate variations that originate in the tropical Pacific and are not connected with the overall warming of the planet. Still, at least half the warming remains attributable to global warming caused by rising carbon dioxide emissions. The paper is published May 8 in Nature.
Greenland and parts of neighboring Canada have experienced some of the most extreme warming since 1979, at a rate of about 1 degree Celsius per decade, or several times the global average.
"We need to understand why in the last 30 years global warming is not uniform," said first author Qinghua Ding, a UW research scientist in atmospheric sciences. "Superimposed on this global average warming are some regional features that need to be explained."
The study used observations and advanced computer models to show that a warmer western tropical Pacific Ocean has caused atmospheric changes over the North Atlantic that have warmed the surface by about a half-degree per decade since 1979.
"The pattern of the changes in the tropical Pacific that are responsible for remarkable atmospheric circulation changes and warming in Greenland and the Canadian Arctic are consistent with what we would call natural variability," said co-author David Battisti, a UW professor of atmospheric sciences.
Researchers say it's not surprising to find the imprint of natural variability in an area famous for its melting ice. In many of the fastest-warming areas on Earth, global warming and natural variations both contribute to create a "perfect storm" for warming, said co-author John "Mike" Wallace, a UW professor of atmospheric sciences.
The natural variations in the new study related to an unusually warm western tropical Pacific, near Papua New Guinea. Since the mid-1990s the water surface there has been about 0.3 degrees hotter than normal. Computer models show this affects the regional air pressure, setting off a stationary wave in the atmosphere that arcs in a great circle from the tropical Pacific toward Greenland before turning back over the Atlantic.
"Along this wave train there are warm spots where the air has been pushed down, and cold spots where the air has been pulled up," Wallace said. "And Greenland is in one of the warm spots."
In previous studies, Wallace and Battisti have documented the existence of decades-long climate variations in the Pacific Ocean that resemble the well-known shorter-range El Nino variations.
This particular location in the tropical Pacific may be a sweet spot for generating global atmospheric waves. A series of studies led by co-author Eric Steig, a UW professor of Earth and space sciences, working with Ding and Battisti, showed that waves starting in the same place but radiating southward are warming West Antarctica and melting the Pine Island Glacier.
Researchers can't say for how long the tropical Pacific will remain in this state.
"Our work shows that about half of the warming signal in Greenland comes from the predictable part - forcing of climate by anthropogenic greenhouse gases - but about half comes from the unpredictable part," Steig said.
This makes shorter-term forecasts difficult, but helps scientists to make more accurate long-range projections.
"Nothing we have found challenges the idea that globally, glaciers are retreating," Battisti said. "We looked at this place because the warming there is really remarkable. Our findings help us to understand on a regional scale how much of what you see is human-induced by the buildup of CO2, and how much of it is natural variability."
The dramatic message of "Chasing Ice" remains true, authors say.
"There's nothing in this paper that negates the message in the movie," Wallace said. "Ice appears to be exquisitely sensitive to the buildup of greenhouse gases, more than we ever would have thought." Natural variations could either accelerate or decelerate the melting rate of Greenland's glaciers in coming decades, he said, but "in the long run, the human-induced component is likely to prevail."

New order of marine creatures discovered among sea anemones

A deep-water creature once thought to be one of the world's largest sea anemones, with tentacles reaching more than 6.5 feet long, actually belongs to a new order of animals. The finding is part of a new DNA-based study led by the American Museum of Natural History that presents the first tree of life for sea anemones, a group that includes more than 1,200 species.
The report, which is published in the journal PLOS ONE, reshapes scientists' understanding of the relationships among these poorly understood animals.
"The discovery of this new order of Cnidaria-a phylum that includes jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and their relatives-is the equivalent to finding the first member of a group like primates or rodents," said Estefania Rodriguez, an assistant curator in the Museum's Division of Invertebrate Zoology and the lead author of the new publication.
"The difference is that most people are far more familiar with animals like chimpanzees and rats than they are with life on the ocean floor. But this amazing finding tells us that we have so much more to learn and discover in the ocean."
Rodriguez, along with an international team of researchers, conducted a four-year study to organize sea anemones in a "natural," or phylogenetic, way, based on their evolutionary relationships. Sea anemones are stinging polyps that spend most of their time attached to rocks on the sea floor or on coral reefs. Although they vary greatly in size and color, anemones have very few defining structures. As a result, classifying these animals based on morphology alone can be difficult.
"Anemones are very simple animals," Rodriguez said. "Because of this, they are grouped together by their lack of characters-for example, the absence of a skeleton or the lack of colony-building, like you see in corals. So it wasn't a huge surprise when we began to look at their molecular data and found that the traditional classifications of anemones were wrong."
The researchers compared particular sections of DNA of more than 112 species of anemones collected from oceans around the world. Based on genetic data and the organization of their internal structures, the scientists reduced the sub-orders of anemones from four to two.
They also discovered that one of species that they analyzed is not a sea anemone at all. This animal, previously called Boloceroides daphneae, was discovered in 2006 in the deep east Pacific Ocean and labeled as one of the largest sea anemones in existence.
But the new study shifts it outside of the tree of life for anemones. Instead, the researchers placed it in a newly created order-a classification equal to carnivoria in mammals or crocodilia in reptiles-under the sub-class Hexacorallia, which includes stony corals, anemones, and black corals. The new name of the animal, which lives next to hydrothermal vents, is Relicanthus daphneae.
Relicanthus daphneae is a classic example of convergent evolution, the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages.
"Even though this animal looks very much like a sea anemone, it is not one," Rodriguez said. "Both groups of animals lack the same characters, but our research shows that while the anemones lost those characters over millions of years of evolution, R. daphneae never had them. Putting these animals in the same group would be like classifying worms and snakes together because neither have legs."
For now, Relicanthus daphneae is the only species in the new order, but researchers hope to change that. "Although we've long known about the existence of this giant animal, it's only in recent years that we're really starting to understand where it fits into the tree of life," Rodriguez said. "So imagine what else is still out there to discover."

Melting an entire iceberg with a hot poker

What a curious feeling," says Alice in Lewis Carroll's tale, as she shrinks to a fraction of her size, and everything around her suddenly looks totally unfamiliar. Scientists too have to get used to these curious feelings when they examine matter on tiny scales and at low temperatures: all the behaviour we are used to seeing around us is turned on its head.
In research published today in the journal Nature Communications, UCL scientists have made a startling discovery about a familiar physical effect in this unfamiliar setting.
Phase transitions are a category of physical phenomena in which the properties of a sample and the relationships between the particles that make it up suddenly change. Phase transitions include familiar events such as water turning to ice when temperature drops, or a magnet losing its magnetisation when temperature rises.
On human scales, and at ambient temperatures, phase transitions are well understood. They are linked to the temperature (and hence the vibration, orientation and movement of particles) of an object. In quantum physics, however, phase transitions behave slightly differently, and can even occur close to absolute zero, when virtually no heat is present in a sample.
These occur when a factor which affects the whole sample, such as a magnetic field, is changed. But in certain cases, quantum phase transitions can also happen when varying a highly localised factor, such as changing the coupling between a single pair of particles on the edge of such a system. These are called boundary phase transitions and would be like melting an entire iceberg by touching a corner of it with a hot poker.
Dr Abolfazl Bayat and Professor Sougato Bose (both UCL Physics and Astronomy), along with colleagues at other institutions, have probed the nature of boundary phase transitions in quantum systems. For the first time they have identified a measurable quantity that can label the distinct phases of such a system.
"When phase transitions happen, scientists often talk of an 'order parameter'," says Bayat. "This is the value which suddenly changes, such as the orientation of magnetisation in a metal, or the spacing of atoms in a sample which determines whether it is liquid or solid. Getting a handle on order parameters in quantum boundary phase transitions is much harder, but we have identified one in this research."
Bayat and Bose studied a system in which a tiny change applied to a single pair of impurities causes a change in the entire system. The two impurities can either be entangled with each other, or can separately be entangled with the left and right hand parts of the system. Changing the pairing of the impurities acts like a switch on the whole system, triggering a phase transition in the form of a sudden change in the entire sample. "We found that that a quantity called the Schmidt gap has all the features of an order parameter for this phase transition," says Bose. "That means that mathematically it characterizes all the features of the phase transition in an analogous way to how magnetisation does for a magnet".
However, unlike magnetisation, which can be easily measured, the Schmidt gap is a non-localised quantity which requires every particle in a system to be individually measured. Although, this a challenging task, it is becoming viable in recent experiments in ultra-cold atoms.
This research opens up new possibilities for exploring phase transitions in quantum physics. In particular, where conventional methods which use localised order parameters are not applicable, this gives a new means of studying phase transitions. It may help to determine new phases of matter and shed light into the structure of complex systems.

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